Gustave Courbet: Un enterrement á Ornans/Begravelsen i Ornans (1849-50). Maleriet hænger nu på Musée d'Orsay i Paris, og er fotograferet af Sailko den 9 December 2015. (CC BY 3.0). Se nedenfor 10 juni 1919.
Gustave Courbet: Un enterrement á Ornans/Begravelsen i Ornans (1849-50). Maleriet hænger nu på Musée d'Orsay i Paris, og er fotograferet af Sailko den 9 December 2015. (CC BY 3.0). Se nedenfor 10 juni 1919. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Socialistisk Biblioteks Tidslinje med links til begivenheder og personer i 1819.

Se også Index over personer, organisationer/partier og værker (som bøger, malerier, mm.), steder, begivenheder, mv., der er omtalt på hele Tidslinjen, titler og indhold på emnelisterne osv.

 

10. juni 1819

Den ledende realistiske franske maler, Gustave Courbet fødes i Ornans i det østlige Frankrig. (Dør 31. december 1877 i La Tour-de-Peilz i Svejts). Også aktiv i Pariserkommunen, derefter fængslet og tvunget i eksil.

Se:

The art of Gustave Courbet in his epoch and in ours. By Clare Hurley (World Socialist Web Site, 10 October 2008)

Why Gustave Courbet still has the power to shock. By Tom Lubbock (The Independent, 29 October 2007)

Se også:

The Paris Commune 1871: “Paris Libre” (Marxists Internet Archive). Scroll ned til 15. april.

Gustave Courbet: Une après-dinée à Ornans/Efter middag i Ornans, 1849. Maleriet hænger på Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Public Domain,
Gustave Courbet: Une après-dinée à Ornans/Efter middag i Ornans, 1849. Maleriet hænger på Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Public Domain, Source: Wikimedia Commons.

 

16. august 1819

Peterloo-massakren i Manchester, hvor en demonstration for valgret blev angrebet af militæret – med 15 dræbte og 400-700 sårede.

To Henry Hunt, Esq., as chairman of the meeting assembled in St. Peter's Field, Manchester, sixteenth day of August, 1819, and to the female Reformers of Manchester and the adjacent towns who were exposed to and suffered from the wanton and fiendish attack made on them by that brutal armed force, the Manchester and Cheshire Yeomanry Cavalry, this plate is dedicated by their fellow labourer, Richard Carlile. A coloured engraving that depicts the Peterloo Massacre (military suppression of a demonstration in Manchester, England by cavalry charge on August 16, 1819 with loss of life) in Manchester, England. All the poles from which banners are flying have Phrygian caps or liberty caps on top. Not all the details strictly accord with contemporary descriptions; the banner the woman is holding should read: Female Reformers of Roynton -- "Let us die like men and not be sold like slaves". Date: 1 October 1819. Drawing by Richard Carlile (1790–1843)/ From Manchester Libraries. Public Domain.
To Henry Hunt, Esq., as chairman of the meeting assembled in St. Peter’s Field, Manchester, sixteenth day of August, 1819, and to the female Reformers of Manchester and the adjacent towns who were exposed to and suffered from the wanton and fiendish attack made on them by that brutal armed force, the Manchester and Cheshire Yeomanry Cavalry, this plate is dedicated by their fellow labourer, Richard Carlile. A coloured engraving that depicts the Peterloo Massacre (military suppression of a demonstration in Manchester, England by cavalry charge on August 16, 1819 with loss of life) in Manchester, England. All the poles from which banners are flying have Phrygian caps or liberty caps on top. Not all the details strictly accord with contemporary descriptions; the banner the woman is holding should read: Female Reformers of Roynton — “Let us die like men and not be sold like slaves”. Date: 1 October 1819. Drawing by Richard Carlile (1790–1843)/ From Manchester Libraries. Public Domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Se:

Mike Leigh’s Peterloo: A drama of the British working class. By David Walsh (World Socialist Web Site, 5 April 2019). “The film was inspired by important ideas and created with great seriousness and artistry.” See interview with Mike Leigh (ibid.) + more reviews:

Peterloo-massakren på engelske arbejdere er ikke glemt. Af Margit Andersen og John Poulsen (Arbejderen.dk, 11. september 2019). “Massakren på hundredvis af engelske arbejdere i Manchester 1819 blev her i august markeret med indvielsen af et monument og en march for demokrati. I byen lurer sulten igen som i den industrielle revolutions tid.”

The Peterloo massacre and Shelley. Part 1-2. By Paul Bond (World Socialist Web Site, 30 September – 1 October 2019). “The following is a two-part article focusing on the response to the massacre by the great poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.”:
“Rise like Lions after slumber
In unvanquishable number—
Shake your chains to earth like dew
Which in sleep had fallen on you—
Ye are many—they are few.”

Peterloo: The English Uprising. By Maggie Falshaw (Socialist Review, Issue 449, September 2019). Review of Robert Poole’s book (Oxford University Press, 2019, 480 p.). “Poole draws on hundreds of eyewitness reports, secret government archives and other new evidence to show how three years of mass movements worked to reform parliament and how government conspired to stop them.”

Peterloo: Witnesses to a Massacre. By Adam Tome (Counterfire, August 29, 2019). Review of Polyp, Robert Poole and Eva Schlunke’s book (New Internationalist, 2019, 112 p.). “This graphic history of Peterloo is a poignant piece of people’s history told through stunning artwork and the voices of those who were there.”

200 years since the Peterloo Massacre. By Paul Bond (World Socialist Web Site, 16 August 2019). “A savage attack by sword-wielding cavalry on a crowd of protesters in Manchester, England in August 1819 resulted in at least 18 people being killed and some 700 injured.”

The political economy of Peterloo (Michael Roberts Blog, August 16, 2019). “I want to comment on the economics of Peterloo: the state of the British economy and capitalism at the time – to provide some context to the event and also perhaps draw out some wide generalisations.”

The Peterloo Massacre at 200: the barbaric legacy of British capitalism. By Steve Jones (In Defence of Marxism, 16 August 2019). “Peterloo is part of our history – the real history – and should not be forgotten.”

How socialists should commemorate Peterloo. By John Westmoreland (Counterfire, August 15, 2019). “The crushing of human hope on the altar of profit and power in 1819 gives us a clue about how we should commemorate Peterloo today.”

The women of Peterloo. By Katherine Connelly (Counterfire, August 13, 2019). “We can learn from the inspirational struggle of working-class women against a violent and corrupt Tory government 200 years ago in our fight against the Tories today.”

The real story of Peterloo. By Judy Cox (Socialist Worker, Issue 2666, 3 August 2019). “The Peterloo massacre exposed our rulers’ brutality. But a new history also shows how the workers’ movement was militant and inclusive from its birth.”

The British Left and contested memories of Peterloo. By Joseph Cozens (New Socialist, November 6, 2018). “Given the enormous condescension of conservative commentators, it has been incumbent upon those on the left to keep the memory of Peterloo alive.”

Peterloo shaped modern Britain, as much as any king or queen did. By John Harris (The Guardian, 29 October 2018). “Mike Leigh is right to call the massacre a ‘major, major event’ – it can teach us much about our country today.”

The 1819 Peterloo’ massacre: class struggle in the Industrial Revolution. By Graham Milner (Links: International Journal of Socialist Renewal, August 16, 2009). “The bloody events of 190 years ago, on August 16, 1819, when a mass workers’ protest in Manchester demanding political reform and labour rights was broken up by the army.”

Peterloo: murder to behead the workers’ movement. By Keith Flett (Socialist Worker, Issue 1931, 11 December 2004). “Peterloo, a demonstration for the vote and democratic rights which took place at St Peter’s Field Manchester on Monday 16 August 1819, is a landmark event in British working class history.”

Percy Bysshe Shelley: A Philosophical Review of Reform. By Jackie Mulhallen (Counterfire, November 1, 2015; online at Internet Archive). “In this first extract from Percy Bysshe Shelley: Poet and Revolutionary (Pluto Press, 2015), J. Mulhallen discusses Shelley’s radical politics in the wake of the Peterloo massacre.”

The ghosts of Peterloo (Libcom.org, August 25, 2019). “EP Thompson’s landmark essay exonerating the Peterloo martyrs and incriminating the authorities. ” This essay was originally published in People for the People (1973), a collection of essays edited by David Rubinstein and introduced by Michael Foot.

Se også:

 

3. september 1819

Den såkaldte jødefejde 1819-1820 starter med opslag, der opfordrer til pogrom og uroligheder (“optøjer”), hvor både politi og militær sættes ind.

Teksten lyder: »Frisk mod mine kjere christne Medborgere og vi er snart befriet fra det Jødepag som frarøver os vore rettigheder.« Kilde: Statens Arkiver.
Teksten lyder: »Frisk mod mine kjere christne Medborgere og vi er snart befriet fra det Jødepag som frarøver os vore rettigheder.« Kilde: Statens Arkiver.

Links:

  • Jødefejden. Af Hans Vammen (Denstoredanske.dk)
  • Jødefejden 1819 (Jødisk InformationsCenter)
  • Jødefejden 1819-1820 (Wikipedia.dk). Længere artikel, som bygger på J. Davidsen: Fra det gamle Kongens Kjøbenhavn (Gyldendal, 1881, s.256-311).
Jødefejden 1819 i København. Tegning af P. Klæstrup (1820-1882), tegner. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Fra det kongelig Biblioteks Billedsamling.
Jødefejden 1819 i København. Tegning af P. Klæstrup (1820-1882), tegner. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) Fra det kongelig Biblioteks Billedsamling. Kilde: Europeana.eu.

Jødefejden er et blodigt og overset kapitel i danmarkshistorien: Den passer dårligt med vort eget billede af et hyggeligt og tolerant dansk samfund. Af Bent Blüdnikow (Berlingske.dk, 1. september 2019). “Der var for 200 år siden debat om, hvorvidt man skulle tolerere jøder i det danske samfund. Debatten udartede sig til et voldsomt overfald på jøder fra september 1819 til et godt stykke ind i 1820. Det var den voldsomste etniske konfrontation, Danmark har oplevet. Hvad lå der bag denne uro?”

Jødefejden 1819-1820: Politihistorisk tilbageblik på militær bistand til politiet set i lyset af 200-året for jødefejden (pdf). Af Adam Apel Ashtiani Olsen (Politihistorisk Forening, 2018, 32 s.). “Under Jødefejden blev militæret ligeledes indsat i Københavns gader, og  begivenhederne gav allerede dengang anledning til diskussion om afgrænsningen mellem politiet og militæret.”

Dag for dag: Danskernes jødehad brød ud i lys lue i danske krystalnætter. Af Karen Lerbech Pedersen (Danmarks Radio, 9. oktober 2017; Historien om Danmark). “I efteråret 1819 satte en brændende antisemitisme København i undtagelsestilstand, da jødiske butikker og hjem blev smadret af oprørte københavnere.”

Jøden der forsvandt. C.W. Eckersberg og satiren (pdf). Af Anna Schram Vejlby (Perspective, juni 2016, 20 s.). “Eckersbergs satire … giver indblik i tidens økonomiske vilkår, tallotteriets svøbe og den polemik, der udspillede sig omkring Københavns jødiske befolkning i 1813, og som skulle ende korporligt i 1819-20.”

Jødefejden 1819. Tegning fra 1881 af Knud Gamborg, stukket af H.P. Hansen. Scannet af Saddhiyama fra J. Davidsens "Fra det gamle Kongens Kjøbenhavn". Public Domain.
Jødefejden 1819. Tegning fra 1881 af Knud Gamborg, stukket af H.P. Hansen. Scannet af Saddhiyama fra J. Davidsens “Fra det gamle Kongens Kjøbenhavn”. Public Domain. Kilde: Wikimedia Commons.

Da jøderne blev lige og frie borgere i Danmark. Af Bent Blüdnikow (Berlingske.dk, 28. marts 2014). “Det er 200 år siden, at kong Frederik VI gav jøderne ligestilling: Kan et religiøst mindretal accepteres i et kristent samfund som lige og frie borgere? Det gik ikke stille af, og en alvorlig jødefejde brød ud i 1819.”

Jødefejden og de beslægtede uroligheder 1819-1820: “Indledning til den store Scene”? (pdf). Af Jens Rasmussen (Kirkehistoriske Samlinger, 2013, s.131-165). “Således er det formålet at undersøge, om der er en direkte forbindelse mellem forfølgelserne af jødiske borgere og den politiske aktivitet for en fri forfatning iværksat af kredsen omkring dr. J.J. Dampe.”

Jødefejden i København 1819 (Militært Tidsskrift, marts 1971, s.139-156; online på Krigsvidenskab.dk). “E.O.A. Hedegaard har gravet i arkiverne og behandler her en episode, hvor den københavnske garnison blev sat ind imod optøjer i den ellers så fredelige residensstad.”

Litteratur:

Jødefejden. Af Bent Blüdnikow (Århus Universitetsforlag, 2019, 100 s.) (Hele bogen online, PDF-fil, på AmazonS3) (100 Danmarkshistorier). “‘Jødepak’ og ‘Jødefruentimmer’. Kristne danskere brugte ikke kammertonen over for jøder i 1819 … Også fysiske overfald på jøder og knuste ruder hørte til dagens uorden. Urolighederne har vi døbt Jødefejden.” Med indholdsfortegnelse, litteratur og noter online. Se også Bent Blüdnikow: Jødefejden er et blodigt og overset kapitel i danmarkshistorien (Berlingske.dk, 1. september 2019).

 

 

22. november 1819

George Eliot (1819-1880), aged 30. Oil on canvas painted by the Swiss artist Alexandre-Louis-François d'Albert-Durade (1804-1886), whose family she lived with while in Switzerland. The original painting is placed at the British National Portrait Gallery (purchased 1905). Public Domain.
George Eliot (1819-1880), aged 30. Oil on canvas painted by the Swiss artist Alexandre-Louis-François d’Albert-Durade (1804-1886), whose family she lived with while in Switzerland. The original painting is placed at the British National Portrait Gallery (purchased 1905). Public Domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Den engelske forfatter George Eliot, pseudonym for Mary Anne (Marian) Evans, fødes i Warwickshire. (Dør 22. december 1880 i London)

Se:

In praise of George Eliot’s Adam Bede on its 150th anniversary, Part 1-2. By David Walsh (World Socialist Web Site, 30-31 December 2009)

Novel times: Middlemarch. By Gareth Jenkins (Socialist Review, Issue 175 [i.e. 172], February 1994)

Darwin’s Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. By Gillian Beer (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983). Contents + Extracts at Google Books

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