Forside Tidslinje: 1900-1999 1956

1956

26. august 2007

538

Historic photograph, 1956 Hungarian Revolution against Soviet occupation, Gabor B. Racz circled in red. Racz was twenty-one years old in his first years of medical school when he was forced to flee his home in Budapest to escape persecution. He eventually moved to the United States, and became a world renowned physician and innovator of procedures and medical devices in the field of interventional pain management. 1956. Author: Gabor B. Racz. (CC BY-SA 4.0). Source: Wikimedia Commons.

Socialistisk Biblioteks Tidslinje med links til begivenheder og personer i 1956.

Se også Index over personer, organisationer/partier og værker (som bøger, malerier, mm.), steder, begivenheder, mv., der er omtalt på hele Tidslinjen, titler og indhold på emnelisterne osv.

1. januar – 31. december 1956

1956 – “Det uforglemmelige år”

Se:

Against the Grain: The British Far Left from 1956. Edited by Evan Smith and Matthew Worley (Manchester University Press, 2014, 269 p.; online at Libcom.org). See review by Emma Davis: 1956 and after (International Socialism, Issue 151, Summer 2016).

Se på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Emnelisten: 1956 – det uforglemmelige år

14. februar 1956

SUKPs 20. partikongres åbner (slutter 25. februar). Partiet erklærer fredelig sameksistens som verdenspolitisk grundlinje. Khrusjtjov gør op med Stalin-tidens forbrydelser.

Se:

Nikita Khrusjtjov (Wikipedia.dk). Med link til længere på engelsk.
Særlig rapport til Sovjetunionens Kommunistpartis 20. kongres: Khrustsjovs hemmelige tale (EbbeMunk.dk; online på Internet Archive)
Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U. (Marxists Internet Archive; Nikita Khrushchev Reference Archive). Speech delivered February 24-25 1956.
On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences (Wikipedia.org). About the report by Nikita Khrushchev to the 20th Party Congress.

When Khrushchev denounced Stalin. By Nial Mulholland (Socialism Today, Issue 197, April 2016). “It sparked revolt against the rotten regimes in Russia and eastern Europe.”

Khrushchev’s secret speech: a crack in the monolith (Socialist Worker, Issue 1988, 18 February 2006). “Mike Haynes writes on how 50 years ago Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’ began the demolition of Stalinism.”

Theme: 1956 and after (Socialist Register 1976):
The XXth Congress and the British Communist Party. By John Saville (p.43-57)
The day the party had to stop. By Malcolm MacEwen (p.24-42)
1956 and the Communist Party. By Margot Heinemann (p.43-57)

Nikita Chrusjtjov (pdf). Av Roy Medvedev (AB Wiken, 1984, 117 s.; online på Marxistarkiv.se). “Läsvärd biografi över den kontroversielle sovjetiske kommunistledaren.”

Khrushchev on Stalin (1956). By Isaac Deutscher (Marxists Internet Archive). “Khrushchev builds his case against Stalin on three sets of facts: on Lenin’s denunciation, in his testament, of Stalin’s ‘rudeness and disloyalty’; on Stalin’s role in the purges; and on the faults of Stalin’s leadership in the war.”

Communist Party Congress: The break with Stalinism. By Isaac Deutscher (The Reporter, 22 March 1956; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “All these measures have done much to consolidate the post-Stalin regime and to give it a greater measure of popularity and stability.”

Russia from Stalin to Kruschev (1956). By Tony Cliff (Marxists Internet Archive). “Stalin has been buried with indecent haste. Has Stalinism and Stalinist totalitarianism gone with him? To listen to the new leaders – yes. But facts tell a different tale.”

Litteratur:

1956: den kommunistiske bevægelses kriseår (Politisk Revy, nr.292, 23. juli 1976, 32 sider). Temanummer med afsnit: “Den 20. partikongres” (s.4-12)

Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Tidslinjen/Timeline: 5. marts 1953 om Stalin.
Linkboxen: Ungarn 1956 / Link collection on Hungary 1956

Khrushchev Secret Speech (YouTube, 5:45 min.). This clip emphasizes the impact that Nikita Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin at the Twentieth Party Congress of the Communist Party in February 1956 had on international relations, especially Sino-Soviet relations. (Source: PBS Documentary The Soviets). In English.

16. marts 1956

Overenstkomstforhandlingerne i Danmark bryder sammen, og storstrejken starter. Den socialdemokratiske regering ophøjer for første gang et forkastet mæglingsforslag til lov.Kampen kulminerer i en af de helt store demonstrationer på Slotspladsen ved Christiansborg den 13. april 1956 fra kl. 11.

Links:

Storkonlikten i 1956 (pdf) (LO’s historie/Billedserier/ Arbejdskampe)
Benzinstrejke og avisstrejke (Denstoredanske)
Storkonflikt og oprør i Ungarn (Arbejdermuseet & Arbejderbevægelsens Bibliotek og Arkiv)
Demonstrationsplakat storstrejken 1956 (Leksikon.org)
Aksel Larsens (DKP) tale på Christiansborg slotsplads 13. april 1956 (Danmarkshistorien.dk; Kilder)

Storstrejke 1956. Af Freddie Nielsen (Socialistisk Arbejderavis, nr.401, 26. august 2023) (Arbejderbevægelsens historie, del 20). “Efter fire magre år vendte billedet i 1954. Arbejderklassen rørte atter på sig. Men det var op ad bakke. Arbejdsgiverne og regeringen var hårde modstandere.”

Urolighederne i 1956 og kommunisternes rolle (pdf). Af Nils H. Groth (Arbejderhistorie, nr.3, 2000, s.43-56). “Under fornyelsen af overenskomsterne i 1956 spillede kommunisterne og DKP en stor rolle i organiseringen af den udbredte utilfredshed med det tilbudte mæglingsforslag som førte til dets forkastelse.”

Demonstrationen den 13. april 1956 foran Christiansborg i protest mod, at Folketinget ophøjede det forkastede mæglingsforslag til lov. Det var her, at Aksel Larsen omtalte de københavnske tillidsmænd som ”situationens generalstab”, der skulle lede storkonflikten. Den socialdemokratiske statsminister H.C. Hansen skal ved synet af de 200.000 demonstranter have udtalt: ”Mig skal de ikke tage pis på” (Arbejdermuseet og ABA).

Fra kamp til stemmeseddel: Generalstrejken i 1956. Af Per Jensen (Socialistisk Arbejderavis, nr.5, februar 1985). “… da strejken var på sit højeste og arbejderklassen stod parat til at kæmpe endnu videre, sendte DKP dem hjem igen.”

Litteratur:

DKP og storstrejkerne i 1956. Af Bjørn Meidell (Politisk Revy, 1976, 106 sider) (Politisk Revy serien; Klassekampens historie)

“Storkonflikten i 1956”. I: Kampen for en bedre tilværelse: arbejdernes historie i Danmark fra 1800-tallet til 1990. Af Knud Knudsen mfl. (SFAH, 1991, s.254-259)

“Storkonflikt 1956” + “Situationens generalstab 1956”. I: I minefeltet: træk af arbejderbevægelsens historie. Af Jens Engberg (Arbejderbevægelsens Erhvervsråd, 1986, s. 44-64)

“Den store konflikt 1956”. I: Klassesamarbejde og klassekamp 1940-78: den politiske, sociale og økonomiske udvikling i Danmark. Af Hans Erik Avlund Frandsen (Gyldendal, 1980, s.183-189)

“Storstrejken 1956”. I: Kommunisterne og arbejderklassen: en politisk biografi. Af Steen Bille Larsen (Tiderne Skifter, 1977, s.92-99)

“Strejker i Danmark (1956)”. I: Fra klassekampens slagmark i Norden. Af Carl Heinrich Petersen (Modtryk, 1975, s.183-205)

Havnearbejdere på barrikaderne i Københavns gader under en storkonflikten i 1956. (Foto: Arbejdermuseets arkiv)

Se også:

1955-56 Stadfæstet Lov nr. 93 af 13-04-1956 (Folketingstidende.dk). Her er betænkninger og forhandlingerne fra Folketingets møder, bl.a. indlæggene fra kommunisterne Aksel Larsen, Alfred Jensen & Ragnhild Andersen, og fra socialdemokraterne: Smedeforbundets formand Hans Rasmussen og Carl P. Jensen.
Det forkastede mæglingsforslag, der blev ophøjet til lov, lov nr. 93 af 13. april 1956, er der link til nederst på siden.

Arbejdskonflikter i Danmark. Af Knud Knudsen (Leksikon.org). Længere artikel (med statistik om arbejdsnedlæggelserne 1871-1999).

Kampen mod kommunisterne i fagforeningerne 1945-1956 (pdf). Kap. 1 i: PETs overvågning af arbejdsmarkedet 1945-1989 (PET-kommissionens beretning, bind 8, Justitsministeriet, 2009; online på Internet Archive). Se her sidste afsnit: Efter ordre fra Moskva?: DKP og storkonflikten i 1956). Scroll ned.

23. marts 1956

Pakistan bliver den første islamiske republik og ny forfatning vedtages. Landet blev selvstændig 14. august 1947 og var medlem af det britiske Commonwealth til 1956.

Se:

Pakistan (Leksikon.org)
Et selvstændigt Pakistan præget af konflikt og krig. Af Thomas Jensen (FaktaLink, september 2015)
Pakistan (Wikipedia.org)

Pakistan: failing state or neoliberalism in crisis? By Geoff Brown (International Socialism, Issue 150, Spring 2016, p.143-171)

The struggle over Islam in Pakistan. By Snehal Shingavi (International Socialist Review, Issue 80, November-December 2011). Review of Saadia Toor, The State of Islam: Culture and Cold War Politics in Pakistan (Pluto Press, 2011)

Pakistan at sixty. By Tariq Ali (London Review of Books, Vol. 29, No. 19, 4 October 2007)

Pakistan independence: 60 years of shattered dreams. By Khalid Bhatti (Socialism Today, Issue 111, July-August 2007)

Pakistan: on the edge of instability. By Geoff Brown (International Socialism, Issue 110, Spring 2006, p.113-134)

Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Tidslinjen: 15. august 1947, om det koloniale Indiens selvstændighed og deling i to stater.

13. april 1956

Mæglingsforslaget under overenskomstforhandlingerne ophøjes ved lov.

17. april 1956

Sovjetunionen opløser Kominform (Kommunistisk Information Bureau).

Se på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Tidslinjen: 5. oktober 1947.

2. maj 1956

I Kina fremlægger Mao Zedong politiken “Lad 100 blomster blomstre – lad 100 tankeskoler kappes” inden for kunst litteratur og akademisk forskning.

Se:

Hundred Flowers Campaign (Wikipedia.org)
Let Flowers of Many Kinds Blossom, Diverse Schools of Thought Contend! By Lu Ting-yi (Modern History Sourcebook; Internet History Sourcebook Project)

China: The Hundred Flowers Wilt. By Tony Cliff (Socialist Review, May 1959; online at Marxists Internet Archive))

Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Tidslinjen 1. oktober 1949, Kinesiske Folkerepublik grundlægges

28. juni 1956

Arbejderopstand i Poznan, Polen.

Se:

Poznánopstanden (Denstoredanske.dk)
Poznan 1956 protests (Wikipedia.org)

Poland 1956: The Poznan uprising (Socialist Worker, Issue 2007, 1 July 2006). “Fifty years ago this week Polish workers rose up in rebellion, demanding bread and freedom. Kuba Olszewski and Andy Zebrowski trace the story of a heroic struggle.”

Karol Modzelewski: ”The rebellion had all the features of a classic revolutionary uprising” (Socialist Worker, Issue 2007, 1 July 2006). “Karol Modzelewski was a student and political activist in 1956. He went on to co-write the Open Letter to the Party, which challenged Stalinism from the left and was key to setting up the Solidarity union. Karol answered questions from Socialist Worker.”

50 years since the Poznan uprising. By Zbigniew Marcin Kowalewski (International Viewpoint, Issue 379, June 2006). “The insurrectional uprising in the Polish town of Poznan in June 1956 shone a searchlight on the crisis of Stalinism.”

Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Linkboxen: Solidarnosc – den polske sommer 1980

26. juli 1956

Den ægyptiske præsident Gamal Nasser nationaliserer Suez-kanalen.

Leksikalt:

Suezkanalen (Leksikon.org)
Suezkanalen (Denstoredanske.dk). Med links til bl.a. Suezkrisen
Suez Crisis (Wikipedia.org)

Artikler:

Suezkrigen 1956. Kap. 9, -i: Birgitte Rahbek: En stat for enhver pris: konflikten i Mellemøsten (pdf) (Fremad, 2000, s.125-132)

1956: Hungary and Suez. Part 96, – i: Neil Faulkner: A Marxist History of the World (Counterfire, 7 October 2012). “1956 was a year of war, revolution, and disillusionment – a year after which nothing could ever be quite the same again.”

How the Suez crisis sank an empire. By John Newsinger (Socialist Worker, Issue 2527, 25 October 2016). “Britain invaded Egypt sixty years ago””a brutal response to the resistance against its decaying empire. The result was humiliation.”

Suez and the high tide of Arab nationalism (International Socialism, Issue 112, Autumn 2006, p. 107-124). “Anne Alexander looks at how Arab nationalism humilated British imperialism.”

The Suez fiasco 1956. By Lynn Walsh (Socialism Today, Issue 104, October 2006). “Fifty years ago, British imperialism, in alliance with France and in secret collusion with Israel, invaded Egypt.”

1956: Imperialism and resistance in Egypt (Socialist Worker, Issue 1995, 8 April 2006). “Anne Alexander spoke to three women who took part in the resistance to the British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal.”

Suez 1956: When British imperialism hit the rocks. By Dave Carr (Socialistworld.net, 18 January 2003). “What happened when British imperialism invaded Egypt in 1956?”

1956: Suez and the end of empire. By Derek Brown (The Guardian, 14 March 2001)

Suez – the crisis of Western imperialism. By Ted Grant (Workers’ International Review, Vol.1, No.2, December 1956-January 1957)

Se også:

Egypten (Leksikon.org).

Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:

Tidslinjen: 15. januar 1918, om Nasser.

30. juli 1956

USAs præsident Eisenhower underskriver Kongres-vedtagelsen, der stadfæster ‘In God We Trust’ som De Forenede Staters nationale motto.

Se:

In God We Trust (Wikipedia.org)

Se også:

God on OUR money (American Atheists, March 15, 1999; online at Internet Archive)
“In God We Trust” – Stamping out religion on national currency” (American Atheists; online at Internet Archive)
With God on Our Side. Song text by Bob Dylan (Bob Dylan.com)

14. august 1956

Forfatteren Bertolt Brecht dør i Østberlin. (Født 10. februar 1898 i Ausburg, Bayern).

Indhold:

Leksikalt
Artikler online (dansk + English)
Litteratur (af Brecht)
Litteratur (om Brecht)
Se også-henvisninger

Portrait of Bertolt Brecht. Photo: Unknown, Digitized Nnovember 25, 2011 by Antonio Marín Segovia. (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0). Source: Flickr.com.

Leksikalt:

Brecht, Bertolt. Af Lars Mjøseth (Leksikon.org)
Bertolt Brecht. Af Klaus Bohnen (Denstoredanske.dk)
Bertlt Brecht (Bibliografi.dk: international forfatterbibliografi)
Bertolt Brech (Spartacus Educational)
Bertolt Brecht (Wikipedia.org). Se også den tyske artikel.

Artikler:

Bertolt Brecht: socialist frem for alt (Socialistisk Revy, nr.2, marts 1998). “Overalt i verden fejres Bertolt Brechts 100 års fødselsdag. Han hyldes berettiget som et af dette århundredes store dramatikere. Jakob Nerup skriver om den politiske Brecht.”

Brecht og sex (pdf). Af Rudy Hassing (Arbejderhistorie, nr.2, 1995, s.69-71). Anmeldelse af John Fuegi: Brecht & Co., Sex, Politics, and the Making of the Modern Drama (New York, Grove Press, 1994, 732 p.), samme med titlen: The Life and Lies of Bertolt Brecht (London, Harper Collins, 1994, 732 p.). Scroll ned.

Brecht’s scissors. By Shane Boyle (New Left Review/Sidecar, 25 July 2024). “In December 2022, the International Brecht Society hosted its 17th conference – ‘Bertolt Brecht in Dark Times: Racism, Political Oppression and Dictatorship’ – at Tel Aviv University, in collaboration with Haifa University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Having spent a lifetime crafting scenes rife with contradiction, Brecht would have been struck by the irony. A dozen Palestinian performing arts organizations issued a statement urging the society to reconsider.”

The revolutionary theatre of Bertolt Brecht. By Tess Lee Ack (Red Flag, 29 March 2024). “German poet and playwright Bertolt Brecht’s life spanned the tumultuous first half of the twentieth century. It was shaped by war, revolution, the Great Depression, the rise of fascism and Stalinism and the Cold War, and his work reflects this. ‘Art’, he said, ‘is not a mirror held up to reality, but a hammer with which to shape it’.”

The uncollectible Brecht. By David Schurman Wallace (Commune, Issue 2, Spring 2019). Review of The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht (Liveright, 2018, 1312 p.). “A public poet who rarely published, Brecht wrote in isolation and exile smoldering poems for a revolutionary readership who had not yet arrived.”

Brecht was a revolutionary. By Marc Silberman (Jacobin, April 2, 2019). “Not only did Bertolt Brecht transform German drama, but his work captured his radical commitment to socialist politics and the emancipation of working people.”

Brecht: A new film about the famed left-wing German dramatist. By Stefan Steinberg (World Socialist Web Site, 5 March 2019). “Interest in the famed left-wing German dramatist and poet Bertolt Brecht is undergoing something of a revival … And now, this year’s Berlinale featured a new film biography of Brecht by one of Germany’s leading directors, Heinrich Breloer.”

Stephen Parker’s Bertolt Brecht: A Literary Life ”… a welcome biography that raises big historical issues. By Sybille Fuchs (World Socialist Web Site, 18 April 2016). Review of Stephen Parker’s book (Bloomsbury, 2014, 704 p.). See also David Walsh: A conversation with Stephen Parker (ibid., 19 April 2016)

Was Brecht a misogynist and fraudster? By Peter Burton (Solidarity, 3/171, 16 April 2010). About John Fuegi’s book, Brecht and Company: Sex, Politics, and the Making of the Modern Drama (Grove Press, 1994, 732 p.)

Bertolt Brecht: ‘This chap Marx was the first to really understand my plays’ (Socialist Worker, Issue 2013, 12 August 2006). “Pepijn Brandon looks back at the German playwright Bertolt Brecht’s life and work.”

Brecht today. By Marc Silberman (Logos: A Journal of Modern Society & Culture, Vol.5, No.3, Fall 2006). “The following comments will be divided into three sections that expand the title into Brecht yesterday, today, and tomorrow.”

Bertolt Brecht: the man who never was. By Dave Riley (Green Left Weekly, Issue 177, March 1, 1995). Review of John Fuegi, The Life and Lies of Bertolt Brecht (HarperCollins, 1994, 732 p.). “In casting Brecht as a hypocrite and charlatan, Fuegi’s core project is to make out that the Bertolt Brecht we think we know did not exist. Rather than a shock, it’s an embarrassing fantasy.”

Litteratur:

Af Brecht:

Stort Brecht-udvalg nu på dansk. Af Margit Andersen (Arbejderen.dk, 7. april 2019). Anmeldelse af Brecht i udvalg: Beretninger, betragtninger og belæringer. Udvalgt og oversat af Regnar Mandsbjerg (Det poetiske Bureaus Forlag, 2018, 638 sider).

Barnekorstoget 1939. [Digtsamling] af Bert Brecht, oversat af Otto Gelsted (Land og Folk, 6. december 1959; online på Herlov.dk). Efterfulgt på samme side af Klassedigte (scroll ned), udvalgt og oversat af Regnar Mandsbjerg (Forlaget Clarté, 1972, 70 sider).

Om tidens teater: en ikke-aristotelisk dramatik. På dansk ved Harald Engberg (Gyldendals Uglebøger, 253 sider).

Om Brecht:

Stykkeskriveren Bert Brecht – de mørke tiders digter. Af Fredrik Martner (Hasselbalch, 1968, 128 sider). Omarbejdet artikelserie fra fagbladet Stof og Saks.

Bertolt Brechts digte. Af Steffen Steffensen. I: Festskrift udgivet af Københavns Universitet …, november 1965, side 5-117). Afhandling om ‘stykkeskriveren Brecht’s lyrik, kronologisk om dens indhold og udvikling – og brug i (teater)stykkerne.

Brechts politiske engagement. Af J. William Saxtorph (Hans Reitzel,1982, 202 sider).