Tet Offensive, Saigon 1968. A Viet Cong prisoner sits next to corpses of 11 of his slain fellow guerrillas after a street fight in Saigon-Cholon on February 11, 1968. In the background are Vietnamese Marines that defeated a Viet Cong platoon holed up in the residential area. The prisoner was later taken out for interrogation. Photo: Eddie Adams/AP. (CC BY 2.0). Source: flickr.com
Socialistisk Biblioteks Tidslinje med links til begivenheder og personer i 1968.
Reformkommunisten Alexander Dubcek overtager ledelsen af det tjekkoslovakiske kommunistparti, såkaldte Prag-forår begynder. Afsluttes med invasionen 20. august 1968 (se denne længere nede på siden).
Amerikansk B52-fly lastet med brintbomber styrter ned ved Thule i Grønland efter brand ombord. Oprydningsarbejdet overlades til ubeskyttede danske arbejdere, der bagefter starter livslang kamp for anerkendelse af strålingsskader.
Thulesagen – Løgnens univers. Af Poul Brink. (Aschehoug, 1997. 340 sider). Om “40 års hemmelig dansk atompolitik” (udstationeret atomvåben på Thule-basen).
Brinks fornemmelse for skandalen. Af Marie-Louise Møller (Journalisten.dk, 28. januar 1998)”om ovenstånede Poul Brinks “ti års hårdt og indædt arbejde i afdækningen af den hemmelige danske atompolitik” – med afsæt i forurenet sne efter fly-ulykken.
Se også:
Grønland (Leksikon.org). Scroll ned til Bombefly-ulykke og efterfølgende.
Broken Arrows (Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD); GlobalSecurity.org)
Litteratur online:
Thule-ulykken: vurdering af stråledoser fra radioaktiv forurening af landjorden ved Thule og vurdering af stråledoser (Sundhedsstyrelsen, 2011, 45 sider). “Rapporten er en kort sammenfatning af Sundhedsstyrelsens rapport ‘Thule-ulykken – Vurdering af stråledoser fra radioaktiv forurening af landjorden’ og Risø DTU rapporten ‘Thule-2007 – Investigation of radioactive pollution on land’.” Med litteraturhenvisninger og links.
Folketingsvalget i Danmark, efter arbejderflertallets selvskabte sammenbrud den 16. december 1967, se denne), giver 4 mandater til den nydannede Venstresocialisterne (VS), og fører til borgerlig regering ledet af Hilmar Baunsgaard.
Ved det vietnamesiske nytår påbegynder Nationale Befrielsesfront (NFL) i Sydvietnam en offensiv med anslået 80.000 soldter, der angriber mere end 100 byer, heraf 36 af 44 provinshovedstæder og helt ind på den amerikanske ambassade i hovedstaden Saigon.
Bliver beviset i USA på, krigen i Vietnam ikke kunne vindes militært, og er vendepunkt i krigen og for krigsmodstanden i USA og verden over, inkl. USAs tropper i området.
Vänsterpress om Tet-offensiven 50 år efteråt (pdf) (Marxistarkiv.se, 26. juni 2018). “Artiklarna behandlar offensiven ur olika synvinklar. Pierre Rousset lägger t ex tyngdpunkten på dess betydelse för den internationella solidaritetsrörelsen och radikaliseringen.”
Fifty years since the Tet Offensive. By Patrick Martin (World Socialist Web Site, 31 January 2018). “The military assault marked a turning point in the Vietnam War, demonstrating the enduring power of the popular revolutionary struggle and crippling the Johnson administration.”
The story of the Tet Offensive. By Robert Buzzanco (Jacobin: Reason i Revolt, 30 January 2018). “Fifty years ago today, the Tet Offensive exposed the US military and the global economic order it oversaw.”
1968: Tet and the watershed in Vietnam. By Eric Ruder (SocialistWorker.org, January 30, 2018). “Fifty years ago, the Vietnamese resistance turned the tide against the American war effort, with profound implications back in the U.S.”
The beginning of the end (Jacobin: Reason i Revolt, 30 January 2018). An interview with Christian G. Appy (author of American Reckoning: The Vietnam War and Our National Identity): “The Tet Offensive was a powerful blow against US imperialism and a boon to the antiwar movement.”
Vietnam’s blow to US Empire. By Alistar Farrow (Socialist Worker, Issue 2588, 22 January 2018). “Fifty years ago this week Vietnamese liberation forces showed the world that it was possible to resist the horrors of US imperialism.”
Tet: Turning point in the Vietnam War. By Joe Allen (International Socialist Review, Issue 57, January-February 2008). “The supporters of the American war in Vietnam never recovered from the humiliation from what has gone down in the history books as the Tet Offensive.”
The Tet Offensive: the turning point in the Vietnam War (In Defence of Marxism, 30 January 2008) + Part 2 (31 January 2008). “Alan Woods analyses the events that led to the Vietnam War and the significance of the Tet Offensive in bringing about the defeat of US imperialism.”
Tet Offensive – decisive battle of the Vietnam war. By Phil Hearse (International Viewpoint, Issue 396, January 2008). “The dramatic scale of the offensive and the images of urban battles seen on TV screens around the world convinced world and American public opinion that the war could not be won by the US.”
USA intervenerer
i artiklen:Vietnamkrigen (på leksikon.org)
Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:
Tidslinjen 30. april 1975 om Saigons fald og USAs tilbagetrækning.
Sydvietnams politichef myrder en nordvietnamesisk fange for åbne kameraer.
The South Vietnamese General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, chief of the national police, fires his pistol into the head of suspected Viet Cong officer Nguyen Van Lem (also known as Bay Lop) on a Saigon street on February 1, 1968, early in the Tet Offensive. Lem was suspected of commanding a death squad which had targeted South Vietnamese police officers that day. (Eddie Adams/AP). (CC BY 2.0). Source: flickr.com
Et af krigens billeder, der fik stor betydning for troen på USAs sag i USA selv.
Farvede studenter protester mod racadskillelse på en bowlingbane i Oranqeburg, South Carolina, og dræber 3 farvede studerende og sårer 27 Langt mindre omtalt og kendt end nedskydning på Kent State, Ohio, 5.maj 1970 af hvide studenter.
17.-18. februar 1968
Det tyske SDS- ((Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund) arrangerer the International Congress on Vietnam på Frei Universität i Vest Berlin med 10.000 deltgere, og repræsentanter fra mange lande. Blandt talerne var Rudi Dutschke, Ernest Mandel, Tariq Ali, Alain Krivine mfl.
Se om SDS, Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund på Wikipedia.org
Berlins senat forbyder en Vietnam-demonstration, der afholdes alligevel på byens hovedstrøg Kurfürstendamm.
Løbeseddel for demo 18. februar. (tak, Wilfred Gluud). (om Gluud og vietnam-solidaritet, se 25.november 2020.
“I bogen ‘1968: Marching in the Streets by Tariq Ali med Susan Waitkins (Blumsbury, 1998) hedder det i kapitlet ‘Februry 1968’, afsnittet 17.-18. om ‘Class of ’68” på side 48: “On this winther morning in West Berlin there is a sense of breaking the ice that has frozen over Europe’s history.”
Tariq Ali deltog og holdt oplæg fra det britiske VSC (Vietnam Solidarity Campaign).se artikel på Wikipidia.org
Konferencen betød en radikalisering og globalisering i den antiimperialistiske modstand.
Filmaufnahmen zum Internationalen Vietnamkongress (17.-18. Februar 1968)
Den fremtrædende studenterleder Rudi Dutschke (i ternet skjorte) ses 1:50 omkring uroen ved talerstolen. ligesom han dirrigerer opstillingen til demo 2:00 min se tidslinjen 24.dec. 1979
7. marts 1968
“Tidsskriftcentret – Informations- og mødestedet” åbner i Plum-fondens hus, Dronningensgade 14 på Christianshavn, i etagen under det socialistiske 14-dages tidsskrift Politisk Revy, som boede der 1963-1987.
Tidsskriftcentret boede på 5 forskellige adresser i Københvn, med tidsskriftssamling, udlån og læsesal, før det blev online bibliotek i 2001 og indgik fra 1. maj 2007 som sektion i den progressive portal Modkraft. Fra januar 2012 skiftes navn til Modkraft Biblioteket – Progressive Online Library. Efter lukningen af den progressive portal Modkraft i februar 2017, fortsætter biblioteket arbejdet på eget site, med navnet “Socialistisk Bibliotek” – online november 2017.
“Alternativ information og formidling”. Red. Jørgen Lund og Erling Pedersen (Temanummer af Biblioteksarbejde: tidsskrift for informations- og kulturformidling, 9. årgang, nr. 23-24, 1988, 135 sider)
Alternative biblioteker: en vejviser. Red. Erling Pedersen, Jørgen Lund mfl. (Tidsskriftcentret, 1988, 73 sider)
Fra Ala Découverte til Århus H: 745 løbende tidsskrifter, august 87 (Tidsskriftcentret, 1987, 61 sider)
Fred i bevægelse: fortegnelse over tidsskriftsartikler på Tidsskriftcentret om den politiske diskussion i og omkring vesteuropæisk fredsbevægelse 1979-84 (Tidsskriftcentret, 1985, 118 sider)
Det alternative Danmark: vejviser over græsrødder og venstrefløj. Red. Stine Lindhardt, Poul Mikael Allarp og Erling Pedersen (Tidsskriftcentret, 1983, 355 sider)
Fra Action on Namibia til Århus H: 573 løbende tidsskrifter i Tidsskriftcentret, sep. 83 (Tidsskriftcentret, 1983, 43 sider)
Index til den danske venstreoppositions tidsskrifter 1977-1978. Bind 1-2 (Tidsskriftcentret, [1980])
Venstrefløjens bogmarked: Den røde liste 1975-juni 1978: kumuleret udgave (nr. 1-33) (Tidsskriftcentret, Husets Udstillinger, 1978, 347 sider)
Socialistisk håndbog: beskrivelse, formål, aktiviteter, adresselister, tidsskriftfortegnelse (pdf). 2. udgave (Tidsskriftcentret, november 1978, 136 sider; online på Det Kongelige Bibliotek, PDF-fil)
For flere udgivelse af og om Tidsskriftcentret, se Bibliotek.dk.
llustration: 4-siders bibliografisk pjece om Ken Loachs film “Land and Freedom” og Den Spanske Borgerkrig fra Tidsskriftcentret, 1985.
8. marts 1968
Studenterdemonstration i Polens hovedstad Warszawa mod forbud mod teaterstykke.
16. marts 1968
105 amerikanske soldater i Charlie-companiet, 11. brigade Task Force Barker, begår massakre i den vietnamesiske landsby Tu Cung, med 504 civile myrdede. Amerikanerne kaldte byen My Lai. Løjtnant William Calley anklages senere som ansvarlig for Vietnamkrigens mest kendte massakre.
Apocalypse then: the My Lai Massacre (Counterfire, March 16, 2018). “Fifty years on from the worst US atrocity of the Vietnam War, Sean Ledwith explains what happened that day.”
Wrath of the Centurions. By Max Hastings (London Review of Books, Vol.40, No.2, 25 January 2018). Review of Howard Jones, My Lai: Vietnam, 1968 and the Descent into Darkness (Oxford University Press, 2017, 504 p.). “Jones has performed a useful historical service by compiling as thorough an account as we are ever likely to have of this defining act of military barbarism.”
A My Lai a month. By Nick Turse (The Nation, November 13, 2008). “In Operation Speedy Express, new evidence of civilian slaughter and cover-up in Vietnam.”
The legacy of My Lai. By Alexander Cockburn (The Nation, March 26, 1988; online at Third World Traveler). Interview with Ron Ridenhour: “Without Ridenhour there would have been no Army investigation, no Seymour Hersh breaking the story through a small news service nothing …”
Coverup—I + II-Coverup (January 29, 1972). By Seymour M. Hersh (The New Yorker, January 22 + January 29, 1972). “Early on March 16, 1968, a company of soldiers in the United States Army’s Americal Division were dropped in by helicopter for an assault against a hamlet known as My Lai 4 …”
The My Lai Massacre. By Seymour M. Hersh (St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 13 + November 20 + November 25, 1969). “Here for the first time in electronic form are the unabridged original dispatches by Seymour Hersh on the 1968 My Lai massacre in Vietnam.”
Litteratur:
Four Hours in My Lai. By Michael Bilton and Kevin Sim (New York, Penguin Books, 1992, 430 p.). See Wikipedia.org.
Ohio newspaper uncovers Vietnam war crimes. By Joanne Laurier (World Socialist Web Site, 8 November 2003). “In late October, the Toledo [Ohio] Blade published a four-part series detailing horrendous and widespread atrocities committed against civilians in Vietnam in 1967 by an elite US army unit.”
Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek:
Tidslinjen 30. april 1975 om Saigons fald og USAs tilbagetrækning.
See Timeline April 30 1975 on the fall of Saigon and the American defeat.
Unidentified Vietnamese man and child killed by US soldiers, 16 March 1968. Source: Report of Army review into My Lai incident, book 6, 14 March 1970. Foto: Ronald L. Haeberle. Public Domain. Source: Wikimedia Commons.
22. marts 1968
Daniel Cohn-Bendit og 7 andre studenter besætter universitet i Nanterre i protest mod diciplinær bortvisning, og grundlægger 22.-marts-bevægelsen, som er begyndelsen på det franske “maj 68” med studenteroprør, fabriksbesættelser og generalstrejke i Frankrig.
Daniel Cohn-Bendit 1968. Student leader Daniel Cohn-Bendit raises his arm for silence to allow poet Louis Aragon to talk to students on a megaphone. Courtesy of Serge Hambourg. (CC BY-NC 2.0). Source: flickr.com
Hvad er der tilbage af 1968-revolten? (Autonom Infoservice, 22. maj 2018). “Et tilbageblik af Jean-Francois Cabral og Charles Paz, to franske 68’ere” + uddrag af Daniel Bensaid/Alain Krivine-bog.
50 år siden maj 68’ revolutionen i Frankrig. Af Rasmus Jeppesen (Revolution, nr.39, maj 2018, s.13-15). “Der er ingen grund til at romantisere maj ’68 og heller ingen grund til at reducere det til et ‘studenteroprør'” + leder af Marie Frederiksen: Ånden fra maj 68 (s.2).
‘Mere plads i dag til en anti-kapitalistisk venstrefløj end dengang’ (Socialistisk Information, 28. maj 2008). Interview med Alain Krivine: “I 1968 var den yderste venstrefløj en lille organisation blandt studenterne, men uden nogen forankring i arbejderklassen. I dag er det næsten omvendt.”
Från ungdomsuppror till generalstrejk – Maj 68 (pdf). Av Anders Hagström (Marxistarkiv.se, marts 2008, 18 s.). Artikeln tar även kortfattat upp utvecklingen efteråt (fram till idag, år 2008).
Frankrig maj ’68: historiens største generalstrejke. Af Karen Larsen (Revolution, 5. maj 2008). “Mange borgerlige historikere prøver at fremstille maj 1968 oprøret udelukkende som et studenteroprør. Det er fuldstændig forkert, men det er rigtigt at det var de franske studerende som begyndte oprøret.”
Frankrig 1968 – hvad skete der egentlig? (Revolution, 3. april 2003). “Var det et studenteroprør, gadeslagsmål, anarkistoptøjer eller var det begyndelsen til en rigtig revolution?”
‘Fantasien til magten’: Frankrig 1968 (1988). Af Ian Birchall (Internationale Socialisters Forlag, 1988, 48 sider) (Revolutioner i vores tid, 1) + maj 2018-udgave (Forlaget Modstand, 112 sider). Oversat fra “France 1968: ‘All Power to the Imagination'”, in: Revolutionary Rehearsals, ed. by Colin Barker (Bookmarks, 1987, p.5-40). English edition online at Google Books. “Maj 1968 i Frankrig var en del af en verdensomspændende bølge af radikalisering blandt studenter og ungdom, som formede en hel politisk generation.”
Revolution og kontrarevolution i Frankrig, maj-juni 1968 (pdf). Af Klavs Birkholm (Kurasje, nr.2-3, 1970, s.3-37). “Efter et kort signalement af oprørets historiske baggrund analyserer artiklens forfatter i et mere teoretisk kapitel den proletariske bevægelses motivationsstruktur i senkapitalismen …”
Maj 1968, en generalrepetition (pdf). Av Daniel Bensaid & Henri Weber (René Coeckelberghs Partisanförlag, 1968, 261 sider; online på Marxistarkiv.se) (Lilla Partisanserien, 3). “En ingående redogörelse för maj-68 i Frankrike. Som ledande medlemmar i en av ‘vänstergrupperna’ hade författarna en ledande roll i själva händelserna och unika inblickar i skeendet.”
May 1968: Workers and students together: May 1968 in France and its lessons. By Ernest Reed (International Socialist Review, Issue 111, Winter 2018-19). “On May 13, 1968, the leaders of the French student movement and labor unions walked with a banner that proclaimed ‘Students, Teachers, and Workers Together’. Revolutionary students Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Jacques Sauvageot marched with Georges Séguy, the head of the Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT).”
May 1968 and the revolt of the lycéens: Asking for the impossible. By Megan Behrent (International Socialist Review, Issue 111, Winter 2018-19). “If 1968 lives in the popular imagination as the year of student rebellion, the student-led revolt of May 1968 in France is one of its most indelible high points, an event whose sense of possibility is memorialized in its most famous slogans and graffiti.”
France in 1968: myths, realities and unanswered questions (Counterfire, October 8, 2018). “50 years on from the 1968 crisis, John Mullen gives an overview of events in France, the debates historians are having and the lessons today’s anticapitalists should take.”
‘It was like a rocket: a fantastic display’: Reflections on May ’68. By Colin Barker (RS21: Revolutionary Socialism in the 21st Century, 25 May 2018). “In a speech to Manchester rs21, Colin Barker reflects on the ‘madness of May ‘68’, when, for a brief moment, everything seemed possible.”
How beautiful it was. By Jonah Birch (Jacobin, 23 May 2018). “For a few brief weeks in France, not just a government but an entire system was called into question.”
Wonderful yet underperformed (Weekly Worker, Issue 1202, 10 May 2018). “Jack Conrad looks back at the May-June events that rocked France 50 years ago.”
1968: Revolution reaches the heart of Europe (SocialistWorker.org, May 10, 2018). “We continues our series marking the 50th anniversary of the revolutionary year of 1968 with an article that tells the story of the French May.”
Remembering May (Viewpoint Magazine, May 2, 2018). Two oral histories from a new collection by Mitchell Abidor, May Made Me: An Oral History of the 1968 Uprising in France (Pluto Press, 2018, 272 p.). See review of the book by Richard Greeman (Indypendent, May 1, 2018).
The spirit of those frenzied days. By Ian Birchall (International Socialist Review, Issue 91, Winter 2013-14). Review of Daniel Singer, Prelude to Revolution: France in May 1968 (Haymarket Books, 2013, 504 p.). “His book was first published in 1970, and so it contains research and reflection that were absent from commentaries written within weeks of the events. Yet it is still infused with the spirit of those frenzied days.”
“There Were No Teachers”: Rossana Rossanda on May 68 (Verso, Blog, 9 May 2018). “In this excerpt from The Comrade from Milan (2010), Rosanna Rossanda recounts her experiences of May 1968 between Italy and France.”
The French Generel strike of 1968: Class struggle in France May-June 1968 (pdf). By David Broder (Workers’ Liberty, Vol.3, No.21, July 2008, 12 p.; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “… to understand the May 1968 general strike we must look into both the state of the French worker’s movement and the situation with which it was confronted.”
The meaning of May 1968. By Jean-Francois Cabral and Charles Paz (International Viewpoint, Issue 401, June 2008). “What remains of 1968? This major event of the class struggle profoundly changed French society, while having significant effects beyond France’s frontiers.”
May 1968 across the decades. By Matt Perry (International Socialism, Issue 118, Spring 2008, p.53-71). “Although the students provided a largely spontaneous trigger for a generalising strike movement, spontaneity could not challenge the entrenched position of the bureaucracies of the PCF and CGT or mount a sustained challenge to the French state.”
1968: The general strike and the student revolt in France, Part 1-8. By Peter Schwarz (World Socialist Web Site, 28 May – 8 September 2008). “This series of articles concentrates on the events in France. Here, class conflicts erupted to the surface with explosive power in May and thoroughly disproved the thesis of the New Left that the working class had been successfully integrated into capitalism via consumption and the domination of the media.” With a new introduction (29 May 2018).
May 1968 explosion and Cohn-Bendit’s exaggerated role. By Jack Conrad (Weekly Worker, Issue 719, May 1 2008). “The media still portrays May 1968 as a situationist stunt, a grand student happening, an outburst of immature foot-stamping whose secret lies in the mecurial personality of Cohn-Bendit. The working class is typically forgotten or reduced to an afterthought.”
The French Revolution of May 1968. By Alan Woods (In Defence of Marxism, 2 May 2008). “May 1968 was the greatest revolutionary general strike in history … They took most of the Left completely by surprise, because, they had all written off the European working class as a revolutionary force.”
The May events in France. By Clare Doyle (Socialism Today, Issue 118, May 2008). “Forty years on and interest in this inspirational revolutionary movement is greater than ever. But May-June 1968 went much further than the student radicalisation noted by most reporters. An all-out general strike by ten million workers was backed by the overwhelming majority of society.”
“France 1968: ‘All Power to the Imagination'”, in: Revolutionary Rehearsals, ed. by Colin Barker (Bookmarks, 1987, p.5-40). English edition online at Google Books.
May 1968: First Phase of the French Socialist Revolution. By Pierre Frank (International Socialist Review, Vol.29, No.5, September 1968, p.1-48; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “The French socialist revolution has begun; the European revolution has resumed its march forward. Fifty years after October 1917 worldwide victory looms on the horizon.” [sic!]
****
Samtidige / contemporay articles:
The May events and revolution in the West. By Lucio Magri (Socialist Register, 1969, p.29-53). “The May events are the most well-equipped laboratory in which to do research about revolution in the West …”
Hope was reborn in May. By Daniel Singer (International Socialist Journal, July 1968). “While writing for The Economist, as the unnamed ‘Paris correspondent’, Daniel Singer contributed this piece to the International Socialist Journal of July 1968, under the nom de plume of ‘Daniel Martin’.”
France – the struggle goes on. By Tony Cliff and Ian Birchall (International Socialism, august 1968, 80 p.). “Suddenly, as if out of the blue, the revolt of the French working class burst upon a shocked capitalist world. It changed the political and social climate.”
Paris: May 1968 – Maurice Brinton’s diary (Libcom.org, 2005). “A vivid and exciting eyewitness diary by Maurice Brinton of Solidarity on the events in Paris in May 1968. First edition published by Solidarity, June 1968.”
Se også/See also:
Linkboxen 1968 – oprørsåret / Year of Rebellion (Socialistisk Bibliotek)
Video: A history of Student Revolt – Timeline by John Rees (Islam Channel, November 2010, 20:25 min.). “… charts the … student movements – from volunteer strikebreakers in the twenties to their more recent role as a catalyst for mass movements of radical social change.”
Litteratur:
Maj 68: studenterbevægelsen og klassekampene i Frankrig – dokumenter og analyser. Ved Jules Lund (Tiderne Skifter, [1976], 256 s.)
Venstreradikalismen: kur mod kommunismens alderdomssvækkelse – studenteroprørets baggrund og strategi. Af Daniel og Gabriel Cohn-Bendit (Rhodos, 1968, 316 s.)
Fire plakater udført af Asger Jorn til støtte for de franske studenter, Paris maj 1968. Se Jorns plakater med oversættelser (Aldus.dk – Per Hofmann Hansen)
Den afro-amerikanske borgerrettighedsleder Martin Luther King myrdes i Memphis, Tennessee. (Født 15. januar 1929 i Atlanta, Georgia). Martin Lugther King is shot down in Mamphis, Tenn.
Se Tidslinjen 15. januar 1929 for generelle links om Martin Luther Kings liv, biografier mv. See Timelline 15. january 1929 for links to articles on the life of Martin Luther King, biographies, etc.
Hvem stod bag mordet på Martin Luther King? Af Thomas Hoffmann (Videnskab.dk, 4. april 2016). “En domstol konkluderede i 1990erne, at Martin Luther King, Jr. blev myrdet efter en sammensværgelse. Alligevel lyder den officielle forklaring stadig, at en hvid racist planlagde og udførte attentatet på egen hånd.”
MLK in Memphis, 1968. By Malik Miah (Against the Current, Issue 199, March-April 2019). “King strongly supported working-class solidarity with striking workers, community organizing to support super-exploited Black workers and their families, and the central need to organize nonviolent protests and demands on the ruling powers that be to win fundamental change.”
The promised land is still not here. By Robert Greene II (Jacobin: Reason in Revolt, April 4, 2018). “Fifty years after Martin Luther King’s assassination, the Left struggles to speak with the kind of moral clarity King exemplified — but that shouldn’t stop us from trying.”
1968: When King’s murder set off the uprisings. By Khury Petersen-Smith (SocialistWorker.org, April 4, 2018). “Fifty years ago, the assassination of Martin Luther King stunned the world and began a new chapter in the Black freedom struggle.”
Fifty years since the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. By Fred Mazelis (World Socialist Web Site, 4 April 2018). “A serious discussion of this period shines a bright light on present-day American society and exposes the lies and hypocrisy of the defenders of the status quo who falsify King’s legacy.”
A strike for dignity and civil rights in Memphis. By Brian Jones (SocialistWorker.org, February 12, 2018). “We should never forget that King died in a struggle for public-sector unionization …”
Forty years on, some lessons from the life – and death – of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. By Patrick Martin (World Socialist Web Site, 7 April 2008). “The American political establishment sets strict limits on how much to say about a man once regarded as a dangerous agitator and hounded unmercifully by the FBI.”
The unfinished struggle: Forty years after King’s last stand. By Brian Jones (Socialist Worker, Issue 668, April 4, 2008). Review of Michael Honey, Going Down Jericho Road: The Memphis Strike, Martin Luther King’s Last Campaign (Norton, 2007)
Martin Luther King: Christian core, socialist bedrock. By Paul Le Blanc (Against the Current, No.96, January/February 2002). “I will argue here that his outlook represents a remarkable blending of Christian, democratic, and socialist perspectives.”
On the death of Martin Luther King. By Hal Draper (KPFA Commentary, April 6, 1968; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “During the last forty-eight hours or so, on radio and TV and in the newspapers, I have heard and read more flowery tributes to Martin Luther King’s peacefulness than my stomach can take.”
Martin Luther King, Jr. By Martin Glaberman (Speak Out, April 1968; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “Martin Luther King rose to national prominence as a Negro leader as a consequence of a particular mass struggle, the Montgomery Bus Boycott.”
Memphis Sanitation Strike, 1968 (Kingencyclopedia). “A short history of the 1968 strike of 1300 African-American sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee, during which Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated.”
Se også på Socialistisk Bibliotek/See also on our Timeline:
Tidslinjen 15. januar 1929, Martin Luther King fødes/Birth of Martin Luther King.
Tidslinjen 1. december 1955 om borgerrettighedsbevægelsens Montgomery-buskampagne og flere links./ On the Montomery bus campaign of the civil rights movement, etc.
Tidslinjen 28. august 1963 om “I have a Dream”-talen. / On the speech: “I have a dream”
Tidslinjen 10. december 1964 om Nobels fredspris til Martin Luther King./ on the Nbel peace price.
Den tyske studenterleder Rudi Dutschke bliver skudt ned i Berlin (overlever attentatet, og dør 24. december 1979, se denne).
Attentaten gir anledning til største gadekampe siden 30’erne i Tyskland, især rettet imod Springer-pressen i påske-demonstrationer.
19. april 1968
Psykologisk Laboratorium på Københavns Universitet blir besat at studerende, som kulmination på flere måneders forhandlinger om studenterindflydelse på universitets politik. Besættelsen ophæves 25.4.
20. april 1968
Britiske konservative politiker Enoch Powell bringer racismen, emmigration og nationalismen på vesteuropæiske politiske dagsorden med “Rivers of Blood”-talen.
In the Shadow of Enoch Powell. By Vivek Lehal (Socialist Review, Issue 444, March 2019). Review of Shirin Hirsch’s book (Manchester University Press, 2018, 152 p.). “Hirsch’s book is not merely a historical exercise. She argues that Powell’s speech informs political discourse on the subject of race and immigration to this day.”
No more ‘Enoch was right’. By Eddie Ford (Weekly Worker, Issue 1199, 19 April 2018). “But what was Powell’s contested speech actually about? In many ways, it was a lament for empire, to which he always felt total loyalty from an early age.”
Disembowel Enoch Powell. By Arun Kundnani (Kundnani.org, April 18, 2018). “Fifty years ago, British politician Enoch Powell set the template for a racist neoliberal populism that has reached its apotheosis today.”
‘We’ll reject the legacy of the racist Tory Powell’. By Tomáš Tengely-Evans (Socialist Worker, Issue 2600, 14 April 2018). “Fifty years on, anti-racists will defy the message of Enoch Powell’s racist speech.”
From Enoch Powell’s speech to Stephen Lawrence’s murder—how racism grows, and how it’s beaten back (Socialist Worker, Issue 2600, 14 April 2018). “This week marks the anniversaries of Enoch Powell’s ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech and Stephen Lawrence’s murder. Both can tell us about how to fight racism.”
Remembering “Rivers of Blood”. By Shirin Hirsch (International Socialism, Issue 158, Spring 2018). “Now, 50 years since the speech, struggles over the memory of Powell have re-emerged … To understand these memories, the article first outlines the context in which Powell’s speech was made.”
Enoch Powell and racism (Socialist Worker, Issue 2097, 19 April 2008). “Simon Basketter looks back at the impact of the infamous 1968 ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech.”
Workers’ unity in the face of Enoch Powell’s racism. By Chris Harman (Socialist Review, Issue 324, April 2008). “Socialists watched in despair when dockers and building workers marched in support of Enoch Powell’s ‘rivers of blood’ speech. But the tide turned and a few years later dockers were marching for Grunwick strikers.”
Beyond the Powell. By Paul Foot (Socialist Review, No.217, March 1998). Obituary of Enoch Powell: “Powell went on with this racism all his life. There was no satisfying his racist appetite.”
Powell’s poison platform. By Paul Foot (Socialist Worker Review, No.93, December 1986). “He gave full vent to all the crudest racialist stereotypes, linking people’s propensity to crime, fecklessness and disorder to the colour of their skins and their countries of origin. He predicted in the most colourful phrases a race war …”
23. april 1968
Frem til 30. april besætter/befrier studenter på USAs førende Columbia Universitet administrationsbygningen og fakulteter, på baggrund af protester mod Vietnam-krigen.
Columbia University 1968 buttons.
(Source with more info & buttons: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/1968/68-cubuttons.html)
26. april 1968
Helmut Herzfelde (John Heartfield) dør i Berliln, DDR, (født i Berlin 10. juni 1891, se denne).
27. april 1968
Den største Vietnam-demonstration fandt sted med 25-30.000 deltagere, fra Christiansborg over Blågårds Plads til USA’s ambassade på Dag Hammarskjölds Alle. Parolerne var «Bekæmp den amerikanske imperialisme» og «USA ud af Vietnam – Danmark ud af NATO» samt «bryd med Saigon – anerkend FNL og Nordvietnam». Demonstrationen endte i et større politioverfald på demonstranterne. 10 af demonstranterne blevet senere anklaget. (se under: Litteratur)
Vietnamdemonstrationen 27. april 1968 på vej gennem Ryesgade fra Blågårdsgade (via Ravnsborggade) til den amerikanske ambassade i København.
Demonstranterne gør klar til såkaldt Ho Chi Minh-løb, hvor man fra knæsiddende stilling under takfaste råb Ho-Ho / Ho-Chi Minh og stavestød/slag i asfalten rejser sig med hinanden under armene og løber i stadig større hast fremad. Se video ovenfor på dato 17.-18. februar 1968. Og se omtalen på artiklen Ho Chi Minh på lex.dk (Symbolleksikon)
Personer fra venstre: Jørgen Lund med Che-hjelmen, Per Larsen fra KAK, en KAK-symptisør og Gert Rasmussen (“KUF-Gert”). Bagved ses bl.a. Erik Brandt (Solvognen), Anders Stig Møller (DSF) og Poul Petersen (“Poul P.”). Foto: Finn Ejnar Madsen*
*Se om: Finn Ejnar Madsen (Socialister på Assistens Kirkegård).
Se også:
Video: 1) Vietnam-demonstration i Berlin februar 1968 (YouTube.com, 5 min.). Uden lyd, men viser i begyndelsen et Ho Chi Minh-løb i gang. Video 2) Vietnam-demonstration med Ho Chi Minh-løb og Che Guevara-slogan. (YouTube.com, 2 min.). Med lyd, ukendt sted og tidspunkt.
Videon nedenfor kan være fra den forbudte demo i Berlin (se ovenfor 18. februar), men en begyndelsestekst på fransk (?) og fraværet af ‘tyske indslag’ som populære slagord (“Werr hat uns verraten – Sozialdemkaten/wer hatte recht – Karl Liebknecht” – eller fx Luxemburg-plakater gør dette tvivlsomt.
Vietnambevægelsen (Leksikon.org). Artikel om hele vietnambevægelsen udvikling med fyl fyldig omtale af demonstration 27. april 1968.
Litteratur:
Carl Madsen: Proces mod politiet. Ill. af Herluf Bidstrup (Stig Vendelkær, 1969, 385 sider). “Tilegnes de brave danske politifolk, der holdt stand.”
“Politisk Revy og De Danske Vietnamkomitéer: En borgerkrigsmanøvre (Særtryk af Politisk Revy, april 1969, 4 sider). Til ét års-dagen for Vietnam-demonstrationen 27. april 1968.
10. maj 1968
Maj-oprøret i Frankrig eskalerer, efter studenter- og ungdomsoprørets demonstrationer fra 3. maj blir mødt med politi-undertrykkelse 10. maj, der fører til 13. maj-generalstrejken og efterfølgende læreanstalt- og fabriksbesættelser.
Den danske arbejderdigter Oskar Hansen (“Når jeg ser et rødt flag smælde”) dør i København. (Født 23. juli 1895, se denne).Sangen er til en DSU-revy. sunget første gang i DSU’s mødelokaler, Håbets Alle i Brønshøj
1. juni 1968
Døvblinde kvindesags- og politisk aktivist Hellen Keller dør (født 27. januar 1880, se denne).
4. juni 1968
Den demokratiske præsidentvalgskanidat, Robert (Bobby) Kennedy blir myrdet ved skudattantat i Los Angeles.
Tidsdoku. Prag1968: Frihedens forår (Autonom Infoservice, 21. august 2020). “Hvad skete der i Tjekkoslovakiet i 1968 og hvad var Sovjetunionens bevæggrunde for en militær intervention? + Prag – Wien 1968 tur / retur – et segment af en personlig historie.”
Socialismens sidste sommer. Af Håkan Blomquist (Socialistisk Information, 25. august 2018). Artiklen blev første gang bragt i ugeavisen Internationalen (nr. 34, 1998): “Historien er omkranset af tabte muligheder … En sådan chance var foråret 1968 i Prag, Tjekkoslovakiet. Måske var det socialismens sidste mulighed i det 20. århundredes Europa.”
The Prague Spring of 1968: a glimpse of socialism? By Tomáš Tengely-Evans (International Socialism, Issue 159, Summer 2018, p.81-106). “Fifty years ago Russian tanks rolled across the Czechoslovakian border. They brought the upheavals of 1968, that year of global revolt against war, oppression and capitalism, into the heart of officially ‘socialist’ Eastern Europe.”
Fifty years since the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Part 2: The Prague Spring (World Socialist Web Site, 29 August 2018). “Aimed at suppressing a growing popular movement of workers and youth during the so-called ‘Prague Spring’, it discredited the Stalinist regimes, which were falsely equated with socialism, in the eyes of millions around the world.”
The ‘Prague Spring’ and the ‘Prague Autumn’: 40 years on. By Andy Kilmister (International Viewpoint, Issue 407, December 2008). “November 21 2008 marked the fortieth anniversary of the end of the student strike in Czechoslovakia against the occupation of the country by Russian troops the preceding August.”
Czechoslovakia 1968: ‘Lenin wake up, Brezhnev has gone mad‘. By Alan Woods (In Defence of Marxism, 18 May 2000). “This was one of the slogans chanted on the street of Prague 30 years ago as Russian and Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia.”
Czechoslovakia. By Chris Harman (International Socialism, No.37, June/July 1969). “The Czech events have now revealed all the features of the classical crisis of bureaucratic state capitalism, as revealed in the events of Poland and Hungary in 1956.”
Czechoslovakia: Stalinism rocked by crisis, Part 1-3 (In Defence of Marxism, 9-18 June 2008). “We are here reprinting an article by Alan Woods, first written on September 4, 1968, in which he clearly relates the momentous events that shook the Stalinist regimes and explains their significance.”
Invasion of Czechoslavakia. By Hal Draper (KPFA Commentary, August 22, 1968). “As always, the invasion of Czechoslovakia puts everyone on the spot. It asks: which side are you on?”
Se også:
Fifty years since the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. Part 1-4. By Clara Weiss (World Socialist Web Site, 28-31 August 2018). “This series will review the origins of the crisis of 1968, its dynamic, and the role that Pabloism played in enabling the Stalinist bureaucracy to oppress working class opposition to its rule.”
25. august 1968
8 demonstrerer i Moskva på Den Røde Plads mod invasionen i Tjekkeslovakiet.
Fortællinger om Det Ny Samfund 1968-1970 (Modkraft.dk/Modkraft.tv, 15. maj 2011, 27 min.). “I dette indslag beretter Allan Anarchos om udstillingen: Fortællinger om “Det Ny Samfund” 1968-1970″ (Frederiksberg Bibliotek, maj 2011).
2. oktober 1968
I Mexico nedkæmpes studenternes oprør med ca. 400 dræbte i en massakre i Mexico City.
The Tlatelolco Massacre. U.S. documents on Mexico and the events of 1968. By Kate Doyle (The National Security Archive/Electronic Briefing Books, October 10, 2003)
Massacre at the Mexico Olympics. By Alistair Farrow (Socialist Worker, Issue 2627, 21 October 2018). “Fifty years ago this month the Mexican state launched a brutal crackdown on protesting students. The result was carnage but not the end of resistance.”
1968: The massacre in Tlatelolco (SocialistWorker.org, October 2, 2018). “With the opening of the Olympic Games days away, Mexico’s government sent in troops to carry out a cold-blooded massacre of striking students. Todd Chretien tells the story.”
Mexico 1968: society erupts onto the political stage. By Arturo Anguiano (International Viewpoint, Issue 402, July 2008). “The student revolt of 1968 in Mexico is known to the world because of the massacre of October 2 in the Plaza of the Three Cultures at Tlatelolco in Mexico City.”
The resilience of impunity: NACLA and Mexico, 1968–2008. By Fred Rosen (NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol.41, No.1, May/June 2008). “The student movement of the 1960s and 1970s carried the torch against the impunity of the PRI, but lacking a base of real power, was brutally repressed.”
True voice of the revolution. By Ed Vulliamy (The Observer/The Guardian, January 20 2008). “While the media spotlight shone on Europe and the US, hundreds of protesters were massacred on the streets of Mexico. Why is it still the forgotten story of ’68?”
Story of revolt in 1968 Mexico. By Peter Lamphere (Socialist Worker, US, Issue 529, February 4, 2005). Review of Paco Ignacio Taibo II, ’68 (Seven Stories Press, 2004, 224 p.). “Taibo concentrates on the sudden explosion of a mass movement, from a student left that was relatively weak and isolated.”
Two hundred thousand commemorate 1968 Mexico City massacre. By Gerardo Nebbia (World Socialist Web Site, 6 October, 1998). “The largest march ever to protest the 1968 Tlatelolco Massacre assembled last Friday in Mexico City’s Plaza de las Tres Culturas to demand a full accounting of the killing and disappearance of hundreds of students on October 2, 1968.”
Se også:
The Mexican student movement of 1968. By Ubaldo Oropeza (In Defence of Marxism, 2 October 2018). “We publish this detailed article about the movement, its origins, development and aftermath, as well as the main lessons that can be drawn from it.”
5. oktober 1968
Første borgerretttighedsmarch i Derry, starter nyt opsving i kampen i Nordirland.
The Museum of Free Derry: The National Civil Right Archive (site). The Museum of Free Derry is an archive focussing on the civil rights era of the 1960s and the Free Derry/early troubles era of the 1970s.
October 1968 – when Derry dared to revolt against British imperialism. By Simon Basketter (Socialist Worker, Issue 2624, 2 October 2018). “Fifty years ago this week an attack on a Derry civil rights march led to one of the biggest revolts against British rule in Northern Ireland.”
The roots of revolt (Socialist Review, Issue 114, November 1988; online at REDS – Die Roten). “Twenty years on Eamonn McCann, one of the leaders of the march, analyses the beginnings of the struggle and its consequences.”
After 5 October 1968. By Eamonn McCann (International Socialism, No.51, April 1972). “The blood which flowed in Derry that day unleashed a howl of outrage across Northern Ireland, mobilised and momentarily radicalised the apathetic Catholic masses and brought them out into the streets, spoiling for a fight.”
Northern Ireland 1968: Derry’s days of rage (Socialist Worker, Issue 2121, 4 October 2008). “Here we reprint the front page article from Socialist Worker at the time by Eamonn McCann, one of the march organisers.”
War in an Irish Town, Part 2. By Eamonn McCann (Pluto Press, 1993, 312 p.). Extract from the book (p.83-118): “A classic account of the feelings generated by British rule. The author was at the centre of events in Derry which first brought Northern Ireland to world attention.” See also: Derry ’68; the international perspective (Irish Marxist Review, Vol.7, No.22, 2018). “Extract from the new Introduction to Eamonn McCann’s classic book War and an Irish Town, due to be republished shortly by Haymarket Books.”
Litteratur:
Irsk by i krig. Af Eamonn McCann (Politisk Revy, 1981, 190 sider)
Se også:
Linkboxen Bloody Sunday (Socialistisk Bibliotek). Om borgerrettighedsmarch 30. januar 1972.
Bookwatch: Ireland. By Pat Riordan (International Socialism, Issue 66, Spring 1995, p.139-147)
16. oktober 1968
Ved medaljeoverrækkelsen i 200 m.-løb for herrer demonstrerer de amerikanske løbere Tommie Smith (guld) and John Carlos (bronze), med Black Power-bevægelsens behandskede knyttede hånd og ved at undlade hyldesten til USAs flag og nationalmelodi.
Ved Københavns Universitets årsfest erobrer stud.psyk. Finn Ejnar Madsen talerstolen foran rektor Mogens Fog – med kongefamilien på første række – og får tre minuter til at tale om klassesamfund og uddannelsespolitik.
Forfatteren Upton Sinclair dør i Bound Brook, New Jersey (født 20.9.1878 i Baltimore, Maryland).
Forfatter til bl.a. romanerne Junglen (Aarhus-Spejlet, 1906) + Kong Kul (Gyldendal, 1918) + Olie (Hagerup, 1928) + Boston (Woel forlag, 1930) (se om Sacco/Vanzetti-sagen på Tidslinjen 27. august 1927)
Upton Sinclair and the Democrats’ dirty tricks (SocialistWorker.org, April 25, 2016). “Lance Selfa tells the story of the socialist writer’s dramatic 1934 campaign to become governor of California – and considers the lessons it holds for the left today.”
Upton Sinclair speaks. By Louis Proyect (The Unrepentant Marxist, January 25, 2016). With video (7:47 min.)
Fodboldkampen i Idrætsparken (CL 2 runde, returkamp) mellem danske AB og græske AEK, Athen, bliver afbrudt af demonstranter – imod forbindelser med kup-juntaens Grækenland. Demonstranter bliver overfaldet af spillere, kontrollører og tilskuere og 10 kommer til skade, 25 anholdes. AB taber 02.
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Socialistisk håndbog: beskrivelse, formål, aktiviteter, adresselister, tidsskriftfortegnelse (pdf). 2. udgave (Tidsskriftcentret, november 1978, 136 sider; online på Det Kongelige Bibliotek, PDF-fil)
